The National Health Service (NHS) was established in 1948 to provide equitable healthcare for all citizens. Over the years the NHS has gone under different reforms and Changes. In 2002 the NHS launched one of its biggest Changes in structure since its commencement in 1948. The scale of these Changes are greater than those established following the white paper “Working for Patients” in 1989 (Conservative Government) that indicated the introduction of the internal market (focus on efficiency). This review therefore proposes to give a brief summarize of the Structural Changes and current structure of the NHS in the England. The NHS plan was published in July 2000 (Labour Government) and outlined a 10 year plan of investment in the NHS. This delineates a vision for a service planned around the patients and more responsive to patients’ needs. The Government emphasizes on the empowering of staff at all levels as a way to achieve this vision. "Shifting the Balance of Power" is part of the Government’s plans for implementation of the NHS Plan and has directed to the establishment of new structures. The main feature of change has been giving locally based Primary Care Trusts the role of running the NHS and, with the local authorities, improving health in their areas. The PCTs are receiving 75% of the NHS budget to act as primary services provider, commissioner (service purchaser), network developer and controller. In addition, all former Health Authorities have been abolished and new Strategic Health Authorities (SHA) have been created to serve larger areas and with a more strategic role. The SHAs are responsible for developing strategic frameworks for the local health service; performance of the local health service; and building capacity in the local health service. The Department of Health is also refocusing to reflect these Changes, including the abolition of its Regional Offices and relegating some of its operational responsibilities to SHAs and other rganizations. While NHS Trusts (the organizations responsible for running most NHS hospitals, mental health and learning disability services, ambulance services and patient transport) continue to have the similar functions as before, they will have to create new working relationships with PCTs and SHAs. In addition Foundation Trust, which often referred ‘Foundation Hospitals’, were set up in April 2004 and are freestanding hospitals with greater autonomy within the NHS. New structures signify new relationships and partnerships both between NHS organizations and with other stakeholders. All NHS organizations locally - PCTs, Care Trusts and NHS Trusts -are now part of a single structure in which they are supposed accountable to SHAs, which are in turn accountable to Department of Health and ultimately to Secretary of State for Health. Relationships with other collaborators such as Local Authorities and voluntary organizations are also crucial, particularly for PCTs as they work towards improving health and integrating health and social care.  

In the last quarter of the past century, the world economy has been witnessed important Changes in economic growth, foreign trade and production in different sectors of the economy in different countries. The technological Changes and the emergence of the information era along with the development and spread of communication net-work, have had important effects on the labour force as well as the world economy. In general, the Structural Changes which have takenplace in the world economy during 1970-1999 are as follows: - Decrease in value added of agricultural sector as compared to industrial and service sectors. - Decrease in agricultural labor force or increase in unemployment due to the biotechnological revolution. - Decrease in tariff and nontariff barriers in the world trade. - Increase in the share of trade of the gross national products of countries, particularly the increase in the export share of commodity and services. - Increase in the export share of industrial commodities in developing countries in the total export of the world.

Structural change is defined as a change in the relative weight of the important constituents of the macro-economic indicator such as production, taxes, imports and exports, workforce etc. Since the structure change is one of the main reasons for the growth and economic development of countries, the investigation of the trend of Changes in economic important constituents is important. Tax as an important source of state revenue is one of the most significant macro-economic indicators; furthermore it is the most important instrument of the state’ s fiscal policy. So due to the important position of tax in the countries’ economy, evaluating the trend of Changes in the tax structure is of paramount importance. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the Structural Changes of taxes in Iran, by Bai and Perron method, for the period 1971-2012. The results based on the UDmax and WDmax tests show that there is at least one breakpoint in the movement process of all taxes in Iran; also based on the sequential procedure all breaks have not lead to the Structural Changes and Iran have not had the structure Changes in income tax.

The consistency between the national development goals and the provincial development goals is highly important. The objective of this paper is to estimate the impact of production Structural Changes on income inequality among Iranian provinces. The research used the change of share of production sectors during years of 2000-2014 as the Structural change. Meanwhile, the difference between each province's per capita income and the national per capita income was utilized as income gap among provinces. Through using a panel data regression the findings of research are as follows: By reducing the 1% share of the agricultural sector and transferring it to the industrial sector, assuming a stable service sector share, income inequality in the provinces of the country will increase by 1. 42%, but with the transition to the service sector, with the assumption of a fixed share of the industry sector, this inequality remains unchanged. With a 1% reduction in the share of the industrial sector and its transfer to the agricultural sector or the service sector (assuming the share of the other part is assumed), income inequality between the provinces decreases 1. 47 and 1. 86%, respectively. With a one percent reduction in the share of the services sector and its transfer to the industrial sector, with the assumption of a steady share of the agricultural sector, income inequality in the provinces will increase by 1. 8%, but with the transition to the service sector, with the assumption of a fixed share of the industry sector, this inequality remains unchanged.

Medina, the first capital of Islam, is one of the most well-known cities of the Muslim World. The settlement geography of Medina depends on various historical factors including both economic and political. The common understanding of Medina is that it was a city by the name of Yathrib, which was changed by the Prophet (s) to Medina, and that it survived during centuries and developed continuously till the contemporary periods, like other cities. On the one hand, nowadays, some of the preceding settlements of this region remain unpopulated, and from the other hand some structures have been built in some areas which were not residential before that. This paper tries to answer this question of fundamental transformation has confronted the settlement geography of this region during the following eras: the ancient Yathrib, before Islam, the beginning of Islam, Middle Ages, modern, and contemporary periods.

In this paper, the Structural Changes of self-employment are studied in economic sectors of Iran by using decomposition methodology during 1956- 96.The self-employment Changes in economic sectors in ten-year period can be decomposed into several components such as employment and self-employment shares.In this study these factors and their effects on self-employment Changes have been analyzed.The period at and the extent to which the total self-employment and economic sectors have changed due to Changes in the total employment and sectoral have also been analyzed.Finally, self-employment Changes are studied based on factors such as age, sex, region, and are compared with different paid employment of public and private sectors.

Competition law is a newcomer to the legal system recently. A sound understanding of competition policy can provide us with sufficient bases to apply a fundamental and normative view of the issues of competition law. The difference in supervision and regulation determines how the market functions and in order to understand this difference one must understand competition policy. Competition policy may be based on governmental support for national production and industry or on a non-interventional and regulatory posture. Moreover, supervision, based on the principle of non-intervention in the market mechanism, is rooted in liberal ideas; however, regulation, whether as a rule or an exception, is based on the assertion that the market has been ineffective in attaining its goals. Therefore, the government will resort to interventions to regulate inefficiencies.  This paper aims to analyze Supervisory Authority in Implementing Competitive Policy by employing the description method. In this article the author tries to first delineate competition policy, its related requirements and imposed deviations to the market. Then, by defining the supervisory entity and clarifying its distinction from the regulatory institutions, the author considers the characteristics of an appropriate supervisory entity conducting a comparative study of this issue in Iran and the U.S.A. This form of Competition policy because of its applicable experiences which have been well described by recent scholarship is considered suitable for the native system.

In order to survive in the complex environment, budget programming or forecasting models have been criticized as inadequate for today’s business environment. Organizations have to use strategic planning to evaluate internal and external situation, then formulate proper strategies and implement them. The key to execute strategy is to have people in the organization understand it. Strategy map has a significant role in the strategic management due to describing strategies of organization and to help people understand strategies. Strategy map is essentially a graphical depiction of the causal model of an organization’s strategy then developing the causal model of the strategy is also important. This paper presents innovative approach to determine causal relationship and levels of strategic objectives in strategy map. For this purpose an interpretive Structural modeling (ISM) based approach has been employed to strategy map. This paper also utilizes the Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) methodology to understand the interrelationships among the objectives so that those driving objectives, which can affect others and those dependent objectives, which are most influenced by driving objectives are identified. It emphasizes that interrelationship among objectives isn’t only down to up, it is on both side. An actual example of a small case pipe and fittings manufacturing company provides some managerial insights into the methodology.